Age of Imperialism

Imperialism (18501914) * Imperial refers to * Empire * Royalty * Extending powers * Age of Imperialism(http//www. smplanet. com/teaching/imperialism/SAW1) * briny Events * 1823 Monroe Doctrine reflected special U. S. interest in Americas * 1850 European job with Africa becomes well established * 1852 Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon) professional personclaimed himself emperor of France * 1869Suez Canal opens (Egypt) 1871Bismark unblemished unification of Ger existence Empire * 18841885Berlin Congress sets rules for African colonization * 1898 * united States acquired Philippines, annexed Hawaii * United States won Spanish-American War * 1899Boer War began in South Africa * 1910 Mexican Revolution began * 1914 * Most of Africa is under European control * World War I began * 1918World War I ended IndustrialismImperialismNationalism Industrialism * Profit maximisation England Factory system * Resources from colonies * Mass production goods = sell & export to the colonies * Profit maximi zation * Industrialization stirred ambitions in many European countries * Competed new markets for declare goods * Saw Africa as a source for materials and a market * Colonial power seized lots of areas in Africa during the 19th and 20th centuries * Imperialism * Colonization * World market * England as the world power in the 1820s. * Power World standing the sun never sets on the England Empire * Usu onlyy through military superpower and some propagation economics * Seizure of a dirt by a stronger country * * Throughout out most Africa, stronger countries dominated in many areas * * Europeans disregard the claims of African ethnic groups, kingdoms, and city-states * * African nations continue to fell the effects of the colonial presence more than 100 years later * Europeans established colonies. * 1823Monroe Doctrine A reaction to the independence Latin America+ Mexico+Central America * * After 1823, only Bolivia is still under spanish control * It fightned European nations that continuing to be in the Americas is going to be seen as an act of aggression * Claimed to help the Latin Americas, entirely it actu solelyy restrained and threatened them to follow rules from the United States * The United Stateshad the right to intervene problems in the western hemisphere * White Mans Burden * Nationalism and social Darwinism Racist patronizing that preached that superior Westerners had an obligation to bring their cultivation to uncivilized people in other pars of the world * Germany and Russia especially used imperialistic drives to divert popular attention from the class struggle at sept and to create a false sense of national unity. Causes of Imperialism * Nationalism * British colonized Canada, Australia, spick-and-span Zealand, Ireland * Colonists wanted their freedom (1800s) * To gain power, European nations compete for colonies and traffic * European Migration Between 1815 and 1932 more than 60 million people left Europe * Migrants went primaril y to European inhabited areas * North and South America * Australia * unfermented Zealand * Siberia * European migration provided further impetus for Western expansion (Westernization) * More were poor from rural areas, though seldom from the poorest classes (due to oppressive land policies) * Economic Competition * try for new markets and raw materials * Missionary works * more successful in African and Asian areas Europeans believe they must spread their Christian teachings to the world * New military and naval bases to protect ones interests against other European powers * British concerned by French and German land grabs in 1880s * might seal off their empires with high tariffs and restrictions * future economic opportunities might be lost * Increases tensions between the haves (British Empire) and the have nots (Germany & Italy) who came in latte to the Imperialist * Dr. David Livingston 1st white man to do humanitarian and religious work in south and central Africa Old & Ne w Imperialism * Europes influence continue to expand in the 19th century, and for all the same old reasons * European imperialism became global in nature, with Britain the world leader (The sun never sets on the British Empire) * Contradictory Many European nations explored nationalism, liberalism * Old Imperialism * 15th 16th century * Didnt penetrate into Africa or Asia * No substantial influences on lives of people European powers did not usually acquire territory except for Spain in Americas and Portugal in Brazil, but rather built a series of trading stations * Respected and frequently cooperated with local anaesthetic rulers in India, china, Japan, Indonesia, another(prenominal) areas where trade flourished between locals and european coastal trading centers * New Imperialism * A policy in which one country seeks to spread over its authority by hold other countries or by establishing economic and political dominance everywhere other countries. European nations conquers wi th armies * New military and naval bases to protect their interest * facts of life taxes to restrain land grab * 18th 19th century * Influences over economic, political and socials lives of people * People were used to benefit the European economies * Forms of Imperialism * Colony * A country or territory governed internally by a foreign power * Protectorate * A country of territory with its own internal organisation but under the control of an outside power * Sphere of Influence An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges * Economic Imperialism * An in open but less-developed country controlled by private business interest tauter than other establishments Imperial Management Methods * Indirect Control * Local government officials used * Limited self-rule * Develop future leaders * government activity institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules * Direct Control * Foreign officials brought in to rule * No self-rule P aternalism Europeans governed people in a parietal way by providing for their needs but not giving them rights * Assimilation based on the idea that in time, the local populations would adopt French culture and become like the French * Government institutions are based only on European style * Legacy of Colonial Rule * Positive * Colonization * Europeans control lands and people in areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America * Reduced local fightfare (variety in ethnic groups) * Humanitarians provided schools and hospitals (better living conditions) * Colonial Economics Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up dependent cash-crop economies * African products came to be valued on international market * Christianization * Christianity spreads to Africa, India and Asia * Negative * Africa lost its independence and its land * Contempt for the traditional culture and admiration of European life undermined stable societies and caused identity problems for Africans * Division of African continent * created problems that plagued African colonies during European occupation Africa 1880Europeans controlled 10% of Africa (mainly on the coast) * Scramble for African Territory because of the discoveries of diamonds in South Africa * By 1914Europeans controlled all Africaexcept Liberia and Ethiopia * late 1860s Congo Sparks Interest * David Livingstone traveled with a group of Africans to central Africa to promote Christianity * 1871Henry Stanleyfound Livingston (whom westerners theory to be dead) * his newspaper reports created European interest in Africa * Stanley sought aid of king of Belgium to dominate the Congo region. 1879 1882Stanley signed treaties with local chief of the Congo River vale * Gave King Leopold II of Belgium the control of these lands * He claimed that his motive in establishing colony was to abolish the slavery and promote Christianity * But he exploited Africans brutally (collect tire from rubber plants) * At least 10 million Congolese d ied due to his abuses * 1908Belgian Government took over power of the colony * Belgian Congo (80 times larger than Belgium) This action alarmed France * Soon Britain, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain claimed parts of Africa * Berlin Conference * 18841885 * 14 European Nations established the rules for conquest of Africa * PAPER PARTITION * Sponsored by Bismarck & Jules ferryboat * Sought to precent conflict over imperialism * Coincided with Germans rise as an imperial power * Agreed to stop slavery and slave trade in Africa * No African rulers were invited to attend these meetings * Factors promoting Imperialism in Africa European technical superiority * 1884Maxim Gun (worlds 1st auto machine gun) * Invention of steam-boat, made it easy to travel (for Europeans) * pliable to malaria (disease carries by dense swarms of mosquitoes in Africas interior * 1829perfection of drug protected Europeans from malaria * Various languages and cultures in Africa * Discouraged the unity in Afric a * Africans, Dutch and BritishClashed over South Africa for resources and lands * Zulus & British * 1816Shaka, a Zulu chief created a large centralized state by isciplined warriors and good military organization * 1879Zulu king Cetshwayo refused to dismiss the Zulu phalanx * Not accepting British Rules * British invaded Zulu nation * July 1879Battle of Ulundi * The Zulus lost the Battle and their Kingdom * 1887Under British control * Boers & British in mantel * 1st Europeans settle in South Africa were the Dutch * 1625Dutch came to the Cape of Good Hope * established way station for sailing between Dutch East Indies and the Netherlands * Those Dutch settlers were known as theBoers 1880sBritish took over the Cape Colony PERMANENTLY * Boers clashed over British policy (land & slaves) * 1830sGreat travel * Boers moved to North in order to escape the British African Colonization & Independence * 1884Western leaders met to divide Africa into colonial holdings * 1914nearly all of Afri ca is under European controls * European imperial powers set national borders in Afirca without regard for local ethnic or political divisions 1898 Fashoda Incident * France & Britain nearly went to war over Sudan France backed down in the face of the Dreyfus Affair * Wanted to connect Cape to Cairo by railroads 1899 1902 The Boer War (South Africa War) * Boers blamed British delivery the outsiders into Africa (for minerals diamonds and gold) * 1st modern total war * British countered by burning Boer lands and imprisoning women and children * Black South Africans were involved in the war * British won * 1910Boer republics conjugate Union of South Africa, which was controlled by the British * Cecil Rhodes * Prime Minister of Cape Colony Principal sponsor of the Cape-to-Cairo (British wanted to control over the continent) * Rhodes wanted to extend his influence there after the diamonds and gold were discovered in the Transvaal but rein controlled by Boers (Dutch settlers) * Kruger Telegram (1902) * Kaiser Wilhelm II (starter of WWI) * Congratulated Boers on defeating British invaders without need of German assistance * Anger swept through Britain and targeted at Germany Asia 1898 Spanish-American War * Mid-1890s the United States had developed substantial business holdings in Cuba. It had an economic stake in the heap of the country. * Objected to the Spanish brutality. * Helped Cuban war for independence. * Lasted about four months. * U. S. forces launched their first attack not on Cuba but on the Philippine Islands * Unprepared for a war on two fronts, the Spanish military quickly collapsed. * U. S. defeated Spain (took Philippines, Guam, Hawaii & Cuba) * 1901 Cuba became an independent nation * BUT United States installed a military government and continued to exert control over Cuban affairs. - caused tensions * American had become the dominate imperial power in Latin America 1898 1901 Boxer Rebellion * Anti-foreign pro to nationalist movement by the Ri ghteous Harmony in China * Took place against a background of serious drought and economic disruption in response to foreign influence * Opposing Imperialism and Christianity from the foreigners * June 20thA German minister stationed in China (Klemens Freiferr von Kettler) represented various countries going zongli yamen and demanded protection, is ambushed by the neaten soldier on the way * Led to war 904 1905 Russo-Japanese War * Sino-Japanese War * Japanese Victory, China lost Manchuria * 1903They had a war over Manchuria * Japan claimed they ordain recognize the right of Russian in Manchuria if Russian stayed out of Korea. Russian refused * Japan launched a surprise attaching on Russian ships at Manchuria, which this action resulted in Russo-Japanese War