Geologic Time, oceans Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geologic Time, oceans - Assignment Example The softer rocks are greatly eroded than the harder strata (Timmons & Karlstrom, 2012). The softer strata are mainly made up of soft sedimentary rocks while the harder are made up of harder and older sedimentary rocks, which are mainly deposited at the bottom strata. This leads to the formation of the gorge (canyon) and explains its appearance. The upper strata are new and weaker; hence, they eroded massively and widely. The cross-sectional view of the canyon, therefore, appears as v-shaped. Moreover, the strata are eroded in irregular manner, depicting that some strata are harder than others are. Since they were once deposited at different geologic timescales and of different composition (toughness), they are subjected to different degrees of erosion. Each strata of the Grand Canyon was deposited at different geological time scales by the very processes that result to the formation of sedimentary rocks. The geological interpretation of the Grand Canyon occurred through a time scale involving may years ago. The horizontal formation at the bottom, which is the Tapeats Sandstone, was deposited in the region at about 550 million years ago. 250 million years ago, the preceding strata, the Kaibab Limestone, which forms the rim, was deposited (Timmons & Karlstrom, 2012). The whole strata stretch over 250 miles. In eastern Arizona, they are one mile lower in elevation. The uplift of the canyon occurred 70 million years ago. It took hundreds of years for the sediments to cement into a hard rock the sediments were unconsolidated and soft when the layers thinned and bent. The plastic deformation of Grand Canyon strata interestingly indicates the reality behind global flood of Noah. River Colorado starts from north central Colorado. It ends at a California’s gulf. The waters of the river come from the melting snow from the top of Rocky Mountains. It passes through seven states in the US; it also passes through Mexico. The main tributaries of River Colorado include San,

A series suggestion of principles and strategies that could be Essay

A series suggestion of principles and strategies that could be employed to create more urban ecovillages and sustainable urban n - Essay Example The explosion of technologies of the 1700s caused by the unbridled combustion of fossil fuels and a greater than seven fold increase in human numbers has put at risk the very basis of the earth’s social and institutional resiliencies. The beginnings of the perception of the changing natural environment and its repercussions were felt in the early 19th century itself when Henry David Thoreau (1854) published his book Walden. The movement to preserve the environment started in the 1960s in the form of the Green Anarchist movements. Murray Bookchin also in the 1960s put forward the social issues effecting the environment at the time and went on to coin the term social ecology in 1974. His belief was that all environmental problems were rooted in deep- seated social problems. Ecovillage Concept and Sustainability Over the years that followed ecology and conservation gained momentum as the period of industrialisation and economic development in terms of productivity and cost- benef it ratios grew. Urban areas expanded exponentially with little or no concern for the ecological quotient. Concern for the environment brought interest in the study on environmental mapping along with the growing realization that the parameters that determine the quantity of industrial productivity and economics don’t add up to an increased happiness quotient or quality of life for humans and the biodiversity. The realisation that the environment was reaching appoint of no return gave way to the ethos of sustainable development and a quest to achieve sustainability through judicious use of resources. The advent of the ecovillage concept or the sustainable neighbourhood initiative was one such effort to mitigate and arrest the loss of habitat and to take nature as a component in the economics and ecology of human living. Hildur and Ross Jackson the pioneers in this field, set up the Gaia Trust In 1987. Their 20 years experience in cohousing gave a head start to the Danish ecovi llage network. The ecovillage concept continued without any set definition or principles until 1991 when The Gaia Trust entrusted Diane and Robert Gilman to identify and report on the best ecovillages. The report Ecovillages and Sustainable Communities carried the definition of an ecovillage as stated by Gilman as â€Å"a human scale, full-featured settlement, in which human activities are harmlessly integrated into the natural world, in a way that is supportive of healthy human development and can be successfully continued into the indefinite future.† In 1993 Gaia Trust also took the initiative to form the Danish Ecovillage Network and in 1995 at the fall conference of the Gaia Trust at Findhorn Where 400 people from ecovillages from across the world participated the Global Ecovillage Network (GEN) was launched. This global ecovillage concept has now come to transcend the urban-rural dichotomy and is fast becoming the post industrial way of organizing society at the grassroo ts level. Principles Successful neighbourhood initiatives are being based on certain universal principles of sustainability, self reliance and social integrity. These are broadly classified into four components- the social, ecological, economical and spiritual/cultural components. Hildur Jackson (1998) on the other hand visualized the elements in an ecovillage in the form of 4 dimensions-earth, air, fire and water. In each she placed another set of 4 categories of determinants that would

The ozone Layer and the greenhouse effect Essay Example for Free

The ozone Layer and the greenhouse effect Essay Ozone, an allotrope of oxygen is present in the atmosphere in only tiny amounts. It is found almost entirely in the stratosphere. It is vital for our survival as it filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation. However if ozone reaches ground level it is harmful to human health. It weakens the bodys immune system and attacks lung tissue. Ozone is extremely reactive and reacts with other gases very quickly but there are also reactions that are producing ozone and without human intervention this ozone would be in a steady state equilibrium. The natural reactions that involve ozone are: In this reaction hindicates the photon of ultraviolet radiation that is absorbed. Reaction 2 is the one that produces the ozone and reaction 4 is the one that destroys it. The is also another reaction that destroys ozone. 5. O3 + h O + O2 This is the reaction that is responsible for the screening effect of ozone, since it absorbs ultraviolet radiation. Chemists are able to calculate the concentration of ozone that should be in the stratosphere by working out how fast the rate of making and destroying occur, but when they actually measured the concentration it was a great deal less than expected. This tells us that there must be something else that is destroying the ozone other that the natural reactions. There are other radicals in the stratosphere that can react with ozone. An example of these is the chlorine atom and the bromine atom. Chloromethane and bromomethane can get into the stratosphere naturally from the oceans and by burning of coal and vegetation. Most of the chloromethane and bromomethane react in the troposphere but some manage to get onto the stratosphere. Once in the stratosphere the chloromethane splits up due to solar radiation and then the chlorine atom is able to react with ozone. The reaction occurs in a catalytic cycle: 1. Cl + O3 ClO + O2 The ClO is another radical able to react again 2. ClO + O Cl + O2 So now there are two reaction competing to destroy ozone 1. Cl + O3 ClO + O2 2. O + O3 O2 + O2 In the stratosphere there is a much lower concentration of Cl atom compared to O atoms, so it would seem that the reaction with Cl would be insignificant but chemists have measured the rate of reaction of Cl with ozone and have found it to be 1500 faster than the rate of reaction with O atoms. Also because Cl atoms are regenerated in a catalytic cycle they play a large part in removing ozone. In the 1930s scientist Thomas Midgley demonstrated a new refrigerant. He inhaled a lungful of dichlorodifluoromethane (CCl2F2) and used it to blow out a candle. He was showing two of the properties of the gas; its lack of toxicity and lack of flammability. CCl2F2 belongs to family known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which contain chlorine, fluorine and carbon. Some other useful things about CFCs is there low boiling points and low reactivity. CFCs seemed to be the perfect answer to many problems. They had many uses such as propellant in aerosols, refrigerants, blowing agents for making expanded plastics and as cleaning solvents. In the troposphere they remain unreactive and there estimated lifetime is about 100 years. This gives them plenty of time to reach the stratosphere where they are no longer unreactive. They are split up by the solar radiation giving out the fluorine and chlorine to react in the stratosphere destroying ozone. In 1984 a group of British scientists discovered a hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica due to CFCs. Due to the scientists finding this hole there has been a worldwide ban on using CFCs since 1990. A replacement to CFCs are hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydroflurocarbons (HFCs). The difference with these is that they contain a C-H bond which is quickly broken down in the troposphere before they have time to reach to stratosphere. Unfortunately they are not the perfect solution as they contribute to global warming. The Greenhouse effect occurs in the. Without it the Earth would be uninhabited. By trapping the Suns radiation the atmosphere keeps the temperature high enough to support life. Greenhouse gases are gases that trap the Suns radiation. Burning fossil fuels, therefore releasing CO2 can make more greenhouse gases effectively warming the Earth. The Sun radiates energy mainly in the ultraviolet and visible. The part that is absorbed helps to heat the Earth, and the Earth the radiates energy back into space. Some of the energy radiated is absorbed by the troposphere heat the Earth. This is known as the greenhouse effect. If we release to many greenhouse gases this will in turn heat the Earth more causing sea levels to rise as the ice caps melt. The rise in sea level will leave low-lying coastal place to disappear under-water. Tom Harbud 01/03/2001 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

Art and Aesthetics Essay -- Art

Art and Aesthetics Art is usually referred to as the visual arts, where a piece of work is judged through the aesthetics in which it creates. However, art refers to all human endeavors, including the product of oneÂ’s creative impulse. In other words, art does not have to be innovative to be good. I believe art is the communication of an idea, be it visual, musical, communicative or other. Art is the interplay between the conscious and unconscious part of our being, between what is real and what is an illusion; it is the voice of our soul through color and form in a constant search for connection with something beyond. I think of art as the bridge between our souls and the physical world. I see art as both an interaction between our psychological existence and our cultural expression of that existence. Thus, this can include challenging and sometimes disturbing imagery as well as the aesthetically pleasing. The artist's conceptual vision and a personÂ’s ability to translate this to an audience is what transforms the ordinary experience to a historically and culturally significant event. Moreover, art has a purpose. It is a way of reaching out and sending out a message, of opening a different way of communicating something with others, in ways otherwise would not be possible to achieve. Culture definitely plays a big role on the different varieties of art we have in our world today. For example, Japanese adolescents can be seen spending hours of their spare time trying to create animated art, otherwise known as Ââ€Å"manga†. This form of art may not be acceptable to every culture, as it may be seen as being unrealistic childish nonsense. However, to these Japanese adolescents, Ââ€Å"manga† is a valuable work of art. Contemporaries like Andy Warhol may have a different definition of what art is. However, traditionalists may sneer upon WarholÂ’s creation of the CampbellÂ’s soup can as a work of art. Generally, an artistÂ’s surroundings and culture plays a big influence in the type of art he or she creates. Personally, my culture did not play a big role when I was in the midst of working on my artwork. Although I consider myself as an amateur when it comes to art, I believe that if you let your emotions and inspirations guide you, you would be able to produce a fine piece of art. This will make your piece of art original, as it would have come from deep within yours... ...of something to the person who tries to interpret it. Every piece of art is created through the knowledge of something, be it objective or subjective. For example, in an artistic way, a skilled craftsman would have a purpose and message in mind and he adapts and molds materials to fulfill this end. If he is to succeed in conveying his message, he needs to develop his expertise. There is a kind of craftsmanship and intelligence at work in the practice of his art. Whether a ship builder or weaver, he applies his practical knowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœhow, virtuosity, and talent in fashioning objects that he is creating, and he draws upon general principles which he applies to concrete cases. Moreover, art can help a person develop their critical senses. It could give a person an intuition for forming judgments and trying to decipher what the artwork is trying to portray. Knowledge provided by art is very distinct, as it deals with having a good sense of judgment and interpretation. In conclusion, there is no one true definition of art. Art is valued differently, depending on the individual. Different individuals have different views as to what art is; and as they say, beauty is in the eye of the beholder.

Unique Examples of National Pride

Unique Examples of National Pride : In the first story I read â€Å"Cathleen Ni Houlihan† (which was actually an amazing story! ) I felt that before the OLD WOMAN came the family was kind of selfish and greedy (with the whole money thing) and when the OLD WOMAN came they changed and they became instantly unselfish and not greedy they wanted to help her out.And later in the story the OLD WOMAN changed everyone’s prospective at life including Michael who is getting married to Delia and then he totally forgot that he was getting married to her just because the OLD WOMAN changed his way of looking at things including his marriage. And the OLD WOMAN told them how many people died just for her and to get her lands back(Irish). And she had much Pride into getting her lands back and fighting the Irish for taking it. The second story I read is â€Å"Address to General William Henry Harrison† The main guy in the story, Shawnee had very much respect for his country.He said he would do anything for his country ! And he argued with his brother about being better then what he was acting selling the country and then Shawnee said â€Å"Why not sell the air, the great sea, as well as the earth? Did not the Great Spirit make them all for the use of his children? † The Red People wanted to take over they’re country and Shawnee’s brother seemed like he wanted to sell the country because he didn’t want to fight for his country. Then Shawnee brought up Jesus dying on The Cross for us.Then he told his brother â€Å"Everything I have told you is the truth. The Great Spirit has inspired me. † How the two are the same or compared†¦ They both had pride and sacrifice for the things they stood up for. They loved there country so much they would die for it. And in the two stories I found that they are very much alike because the. OLD WOMAN and Shawnee are a like they both fought for what the believed in and for there country. They both wanted freedom and they both inspired another person to fight in the war beside them.

Caribbean History Sample Questions - 769 Words

The Indigenous People Of The Americas CXC Past Paper Question (1992) QUESTION 5 (a) Name two groups of Amerindians who lived in the Caribbean before the arrival of the Europeans in 1492. (2 marks) ANSWER Tainos (Arawaks) and Kalinagos Caribs (b) Give two examples of the way of life before 1492 of any one of the groups named at (a) above (6 marks) ANSWER (Group Tainos) The cacique was the head of the Tainos society. The cacique was a hereditary title which passed down from father to son. Generally speaking, the Tainos practised monogamy. However, the cacique was allowed to practise polygamy (this was to increase his chances of having a heir). However, if the cacique died without a son, the title passed to the eldest†¦show more content†¦Tobacco was often used in religious ceremonies, especially by the priest who inhaled tobacco directly into his nostrils which left him unconscious. However, if the priest failed to have his prayer answered by the zemis, it was believed that the power of the zemis was too strong. Human sacrifices was a common practice among the Tainos religious beliefs. This act was done in hope of ridding themselves of evil spirits or any signs of impurities. (c) State one way by which some Amerindian groups passed on their custom to other Amerindian groups in the region before 1492. (2 marks) ANSWER The raiding of the Tainos communities by the Kalinagos warriors in which Tainos women were taken as wives for the young Kalinagos warriors. However, the Tainos women were able to transfer some of their custom to the Kalinagos society, even though their husband spoke a different language from them. The use of tobacco was common in both Amerindian group (Tainos and Kalinagos) and the painting of their bodies with dyes which was a favourite pastime of both groups of Amerindian. COMPARISON OF TAINOS AND KALINAGOS FEATURES | TAINOS | KALINAGOS | Technology | (1) Bow amp; Arrow (2) Hammocks (3) Irrigation | Bow amp; Arrow Straw basket No irrigation | Customs | (1) Flattened foreheads (2) Singing andShow MoreRelatedThe Caribbean Plate And Its Evolution, Origin And The Active Physical Process Within Tectonic Environments1685 Words   |  7 PagesTHE CARIBBEAN PLATE Evolution and Origin Ronald Gobin B00673944 Erth 4350 Professor: Nicholas Culshaw December 6th 2016 Introduction The following report will introduce the topic of the Caribbean plate and its evolution, origin and the active physical process within tectonic environments. The Pacific model will be discussed in this paper, and assumes the formation of the Caribbean plate at the Galapagos hotspot in the Pacific Ocean during the Middle Cretaceous. 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Benefits Of Genetically Modified Organisms - 1067 Words

GMOs, or otherwise known as Genetically Modified Organisms, can be defined as organisms in which the genetic material, DNA, has been altered in a non-natural way. Genetically modified organisms have shown many advantages. They are safe to eat and environmentally sustainable. They are also safe, nutritious, and can help us adapt to our global problems. GMOs are also an approach to development that takes the finite resources of the Earth into consideration. The many, many pros of GMO’s heavily outweigh the cons of it. GMO’s have lots of benefits to offer. First off, it can create plants that are better resist weeds, pest and other diseases. Corn is an example of a food that can be protected. Corn is an extremely popular crop grown and is commonly grown throughout the Unites States. However, it can not reproduce without human aid. This crop is very vulnerable to pests and disease, and requires a lot of nutrients. GMO’s are a huge factor in the growth and success of corn. Without GMOs, we would be without one of the most widely used plants in the world. Genetically modified organisms also have bigger yields to help make the use of land more efficient, and less use of herbicides and pesticides. It’s also been shown that food that has been affected by GMOs has better flavor, texture, and nutritional value. The food has longer shelf-life, which is better for shipping product. Lastly, GM foods can create an essential sustainable way to feed the world. GMO’s can also help aidShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Genetically Modified Organisms1304 Words   |  6 PagesAgrumentative Essay Did you know 80% of all our foods are genetically modified? Scientists have proved the safety of all Genetically modified organisms, although China, Russia, and 60 other countries require labeling of there gentically modified ingredients, yet the United States does not label the products which are genetically modified. If Genetically modified organisms are so safe, then what s there to hide? Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) are processed foods in which genes of one speciesRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Organisms1199 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Genetically modified organisms come to be through genetic engineering where their genetic material is artificially altered in a laboratory to suit certain specifications. Genetic engineering is a new technology which gives rise to unstable animals, bacteria, and plants which are not naturally occurring and do not come into being through the normal crossbreeding methods as other traditional crops. Virtually every genetically modified crop produced commercially are made in such a wayRead MoreThe Benefits Of Genetically Modified Organisms1617 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s world, most people are familiar with the word â€Å"Genetically modified organisms (or GMOs)†. It is a common technology in our daily life. 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This technique for crop management has been introduced to ensure farmers and merchants are able to improve crop or food quality in a moreRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Organisms1598 Words   |  7 Pagesmay find some products that promise no GMOs, but what exactly are GMOs? Genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, are organisms that have been engineered to express desired traits. The most traditio nal way to modify organisms is through selective breeding. New technology now has given the ability to physically move or add to a new organism. The organisms are altered at the molecular level, usually they receive genes from organisms whose traits could not be obtained easily. Modification is done by usingRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Organisms926 Words   |  4 PagesGenetically modified organisms genes are transferred is by using â€Å"infectious, tumor-forming bacterium such as agrobacterium. 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